Which medications might contribute to abdominal pain in patients like Esther?

In the context of medications that might contribute to abdominal pain, the selection highlights NSAIDs, antibiotics, or corticosteroids as relevant considerations.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers, leading to pain, especially if taken frequently or without food. They inhibit prostaglandins, which help maintain mucosal integrity in the stomach, resulting in potential damage to the gastric lining and subsequent abdominal pain.

Antibiotics can disrupt the normal gut flora, potentially leading to conditions such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea or Clostridium difficile infection, both of which can manifest as abdominal pain. The alteration of the gut microbiome can result in gastrointestinal discomfort and symptoms.

Corticosteroids, while effective in reducing inflammation, can also lead to gastrointestinal side effects including peptic ulcers. Long-term use can increase the risk of gastrointestinal complications, leading to abdominal pain.

Together, these medications have well-documented connections to abdominal pain, making this option the correct choice for identifying drugs that could contribute to such symptoms in patients like Esther.